For 12th : Physics

STD. XII PHYSICS
1. Rotational Dynamics
Topics: Angular displacement, Angular velocity, Angular acceleration, Relation between linear and angular velocity, Torque, Moment of inertia, Radius of gyration, Parallel axis theorem, Perpendicular axis theorem, Angular momentum, Conservation of angular momentum, Rotational kinetic energy, Rolling motion
2. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Topics: Pressure in fluids, Pascal's law, Hydraulic lift, Hydraulic brakes, Atmospheric pressure, Barometer, Surface tension, Surface energy, Capillarity, Viscosity, Stokes' law, Terminal velocity, Streamline flow, Turbulent flow, Equation of continuity, Bernoulli's theorem
3. Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation
Topics: Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory assumptions, Pressure of an ideal gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS speed, Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, Mean free path, Thermal radiation, Blackbody radiation, Stefan's law, Wien's displacement law
4. Thermodynamics
Topics: Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Work, Internal energy, First law of thermodynamics, Isothermal process, Adiabatic process, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and irreversible processes, Heat engine, Refrigerator, Coefficient of performance
5. Oscillations
Topics: Periodic motion, Simple harmonic motion, Equation of SHM, Displacement, Velocity and acceleration in SHM, Energy in SHM, Spring-mass system, Simple pendulum, Time period, Damped oscillations, Forced oscillations, Resonance
6. Superposition of Waves
Topics: Principle of superposition, Interference, Coherent sources, Young's double slit experiment, Fringe width, Diffraction, Polarisation, Beats, Stationary waves, Nodes and antinodes
7. Wave Optics
Topics: Huygens' principle, Wavefront, Reflection using wavefronts, Refraction using wavefronts, Interference of light, Young's double slit experiment, Diffraction, Polarisation, Brewster's law, Malus' law
8. Electrostatics
Topics: Electric charges, Coulomb's law, Electric field, Electric flux, Gauss's law, Electric potential, Potential energy, Electric dipole, Capacitors, Capacitance, Combination of capacitors, Dielectrics, Energy stored in capacitor
9. Current Electricity
Topics: Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm's law, Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity, Series and parallel combination, EMF, Internal resistance, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, Meter bridge, Potentiometer, Electrical power
10. Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current
Topics: Magnetic field, Biot-Savart law, Magnetic field due to straight conductor, Circular loop and solenoid, Ampere's law, Force on moving charge, Lorentz force, Force on current carrying conductor, Torque on current loop, Moving coil galvanometer
11. Magnetic Materials
Topics: Magnetic dipole, Magnetic moment, Magnetisation, Magnetic intensity, Magnetic susceptibility, Permeability, Dia-magnetic materials, Para-magnetic materials, Ferro-magnetic materials, Hysteresis, Earth magnetism
12. Electromagnetic Induction
Topics: Magnetic flux, Faraday's laws, Lenz's law, Motional EMF, Eddy currents, Self induction, Mutual induction, Energy stored in inductor, AC generator
13. AC Circuits
Topics: Alternating current, RMS value, Average value, AC through resistor, Inductor and capacitor, Reactance, Impedance, Series LCR circuit, Resonance, Power in AC circuit, Power factor, Transformer
14. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Topics: Photoelectric effect, Experimental observations, Einstein's photoelectric equation, Work function, Threshold frequency, Stopping potential, Photon, Matter waves, de Broglie wavelength, Davisson-Germer experiment
15. Structure of Atoms and Nuclei
Topics: Rutherford model, Bohr model, Atomic spectra, Hydrogen spectrum, Energy levels, Nuclear composition, Nuclear size, Mass defect, Binding energy, Radioactivity, Radioactive decay law, Half-life, Mean life, Nuclear fission, Nuclear fusion
16. Semiconductor Devices
Topics: Energy bands, Intrinsic semiconductors, Extrinsic semiconductors, n-type semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, p-n junction, Diode, Rectifier, Zener diode, Transistor, Transistor as switch, Transistor as amplifier, Logic gates

Class 12 Chemistry (Chapter-wise Topics)
Physical Chemistry

1. Solid State: Classification of solids (Crystalline and Amorphous), Unit cell and crystal lattices, Packing efficiency, Density of unit cell, Crystal defects (Point, Line, Surface), Electrical properties (Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors), Magnetic properties (Paramagnetic, Diamagnetic, Ferromagnetic).

2. Solutions: Types of solutions, Solubility, Henry's law, Vapor pressure of liquid solutions, Raoult's law, Ideal and non-ideal solutions, Colligative properties (Relative lowering of vapor pressure, Elevation of boiling point, Depression of freezing point, Osmotic pressure), Abnormal molar masses, van 't Hoff factor.

3. Ionic Equilibria: Electrolytes and non-electrolytes, Degree of dissociation, Acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis theories), Ostwald's dilution law, pH and pOH scale, Autoionization of water, Buffer solutions, Hydrolysis of salts, Solubility product.

4. Chemical Thermodynamics: Terms in thermodynamics, Types of processes, First law of thermodynamics, Enthalpy, Heat capacity, Hess's law of constant heat summation, Spontaneity, Entropy, Second and third laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy and equilibrium.

5. Electrochemistry: Conductance of electrolytic solutions, Kohlrausch's law, Galvanic cells, Nernst equation, Standard electrode potential, Electrochemical series, Commercial cells (Primary and Secondary batteries), Fuel cells, Corrosion and its prevention.

6. Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction, Factors affecting rate of reaction, Rate law and specific rate constant, Order and molecularity of a reaction, Integrated rate equations (Zero order and First order), Pseudo-first order reactions, Half-life of a reaction, Arrhenius equation, Activation energy, Collision theory.

Inorganic Chemistry

7. Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18: Group 16 (Oxygen family), Group 17 (Halogens), Group 18 (Noble gases), Electronic configuration, Trends in physical and chemical properties, Dioxygen, Ozone, Allotropes of sulfur, Compounds of sulfur (SO2, H2SO4), Interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens, Compounds of xenon.

8. Transition and Inner Transition Elements (d and f-block): d-Block elements (Position, Electronic configuration, General properties, Color, Catalytic activity, Magnetic properties, Alloy formation, Complex formation), Compounds of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4, f-Block elements (Lanthanoids and Actinoids, Electronic configuration, Oxidation states, Lanthanoid contraction and consequences).

9. Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Definitions (Ligands, Coordination number, Coordination sphere), Nomenclature of coordination compounds, Isomerism (Structural and Stereoisomerism), Valence Bond Theory (VBT), Crystal Field Theory (CFT), Color in coordination compounds, Applications of coordination compounds.

Organic Chemistry

10. Halogen Derivatives: Classification of haloalkanes and haloarenes, Nomenclature, Methods of preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions (Nucleophilic substitution SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, Elimination reactions, Reaction with metals), Environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds (Freons, DDT, Iodoform).

11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Alcohols (Classification, Nomenclature, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions, Distinguishing tests), Phenols (Classification, Preparation, Acidity, Electrophilic substitution reactions), Ethers (Classification, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions).

12. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Aldehydes & Ketones (Nomenclature, Structure of carbonyl group, Preparation, Physical properties, Nucleophilic addition reactions, Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Tests to distinguish), Carboxylic Acids (Nomenclature, Acidity, Preparation, Physical properties, Chemical reactions).

13. Amines: Classification, Structure, Nomenclature, Preparation methods, Physical properties, Basicity of amines, Chemical reactions (Acylation, Carbylamine reaction, Reaction with nitrous acid, Electrophilic substitution), Diazonium salts (Preparation and synthetic importance).

Applied Chemistry

14. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates (Classification, Monosaccharides - Glucose & Fructose structure, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides - Starch & Cellulose), Proteins (Amino acids, Peptide bond, Classification, Structure of proteins, Denaturation), Nucleic Acids (Chemical composition, DNA, RNA, Functions), Enzymes, Vitamins.

15. Introduction to Polymer Chemistry: Classification of polymers (Source, Structure, Mode of polymerization, Molecular forces), Addition and condensation polymerization, Preparation and properties of important polymers (Polythene, Nylon, Polyester, Bakelite, Rubber), Biodegradable polymers.

16. Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry: Green Chemistry (12 principles of green chemistry, Atom economy, Applications), Nanochemistry (Introduction, Nanomaterials, Synthesis of nanomaterials, Characterization techniques, Applications of nanotechnology in electronics, medicine, and energy).

Class 12 Mathematics & Statistics (Chapter-wise Topics)

Part 1.

 Mathematical Logic: Statement, Truth values, Logical connectives (AND, OR, NOT, Implication, Double Implication), Truth tables, Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency, Quantifiers, Duals, Negation of compound statements, Switching circuits.2. Matrices: Elementary transformations (Row and Column), Inverse of a matrix (Elementary transformation method and Adjoint method), Application of matrices (Solving linear equations by Reduction and Inversion methods).3. Trigonometric Functions: Trigonometric equations and their principal & general solutions, Solutions of triangles (Sine rule, Cosine rule, Projection rule, Half angle formulas), Inverse trigonometric functions (Properties and proofs).4. Pair of Straight Lines: Combined equation of a pair of lines, Homogeneous equation of second degree, Angle between lines represented by $ax^2 + 2hxy + by^2 = 0$, Condition for parallel and perpendicular lines, General second-degree equation representing pair of lines.5. Vectors: Vector and scalar quantities, Types of vectors, Section formula (Internal and External division), Midpoint formula, Centroid formula, Scalar product (Dot product), Vector product (Cross product), Scalar triple product, Applications of vectors to geometry.6. Line and Plane: Vector and Cartesian equations of a line, Angle between two lines, Skew lines, Shortest distance between skew lines, Equations of a plane, Vector and Cartesian forms, Angle between two planes, Distance of a point from a plane.7. Linear Programming: Formulations of LPP, Feasible region, Feasible solutions, Convex sets, Graphical method of solving LPP (Corner point method), Optimization problems.

Part 2.

 Differentiation: Derivatives of composite functions (Chain rule), Geometric significance of derivative, Derivatives of inverse functions, Derivatives of implicit functions, Logarithmic differentiation, Derivatives of parametric functions, Higher order derivatives (Second order).2. Applications of Derivatives: Tangents and Normals, Rate of change, Increasing and Decreasing functions, Approximations, Rolle's Theorem, Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem (LMVT), Maxima and Minima (First and Second derivative tests).3. Indefinite Integration: Integration as antiderivative, Standard integrals, Methods of integration (Substitution, Integration by Parts, Partial Fractions), Integrals of special functions.4. Definite Integration: Definite integral as limit of a sum, Fundamental theorem of calculus, Evaluation of definite integrals, Properties of definite integrals and proofs.5. Application of Definite Integration: Area under curves, Area between two curves (Parabola, Line, Circle, Ellipse).6. Differential Equations: Order and Degree of a differential equation, Formation of differential equations, Solution of differential equations (Variable separable form, Homogeneous DE, Linear differential equations), Applications of differential equations (Population growth, Decay, Newton's law of cooling).7. Probability Distributions: Random variables (Discrete and Continuous), Probability Mass Function (PMF), Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF), Expected value, Variance, Standard deviation of a discrete random variable.8. Binomial Distribution: Bernoulli trials, Binomial distribution, Probability function, Mean and Variance of Binomial distribution.

Class 12 Biology (Chapter-wise Topics)
Genetics & Reproduction

1. Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants: Asexual reproduction (Vegetative propagation, Micropropagation), Sexual reproduction, Structure of Anther, Microsporogenesis, Structure of Ovule, Megasporogenesis, Pollination (Types and Agencies), Outbreeding devices, Pollen-Pistil interaction, Double fertilization, Post-fertilization events (Development of Endosperm and Embryo), Seed and Fruit development, Apomixis, Polyembryony.

2. Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals: Asexual reproduction in animals, Human Male reproductive system, Human Female reproductive system, Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis), Menstrual cycle, Fertilization, Embryonic development (Cleavage, Blastulation, Gastrulation), Implantation, Placenta, Parturition, Lactation, Reproductive health, Birth control methods, Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies (IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, Surrogacy).

3. Inheritance and Variation: Mendel's laws of inheritance, Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross, Deviations from Mendelian ratio (Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles, Pleiotropy), Chromosomal theory of inheritance, Sex determination (Humans, Birds, Honey bees), Linkage and Crossing over, Sex-linked inheritance (Haemophilia, Colour blindness), Chromosomal disorders (Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome).

4. Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material (Griffith's, Avery-MacLeod-McCarty, Hershey-Chase experiments), Structure of DNA and RNA, Packaging of DNA, DNA Replication (Semi-conservative), Central Dogma, Transcription, Genetic Code, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression (Lac Operon concept), DNA Fingerprinting, Human Genome Project (HGP).

5. Origin and Evolution of Life: Origin of life (Protobiogenesis, Chemical evolution - Miller-Urey experiment), Organic evolution, Evidences of evolution (Palaeontological, Comparative anatomy, Embryological, Molecular), Darwinism, Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution, Natural selection, Hardy-Weinberg principle, Human evolution.

Physiology & Biotechnology

6. Plant Water Relations: Properties of water, Plant-water relationships, Water potential, Imbibition, Diffusion, Osmosis, Absorption of water by roots, Transpiration pull theory, Factors affecting transpiration, Mechanism of stomatal movement, Phloem transport (Pressure flow hypothesis).

7. Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition: Plant growth phases and conditions, Growth rate (Arithmetic and Geometric), Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, Redifferentiation, Plant Growth Regulators (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid), Photoperiodism, Vernalization, Mineral nutrition (Macro and Micro nutrients, Deficiency symptoms), Nitrogen cycle and Biological nitrogen fixation.

8. Respiration and Circulation: Human Respiratory System, Mechanism of breathing, Gas exchange and Transport (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide), Respiratory volumes and capacities, Human Circulatory System, Structure of Heart, Cardiac cycle, Blood pressure, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Blood groups, Blood clotting, Lymphatic system.

9. Control and Coordination: Human Nervous System (Central, Peripheral, Autonomic), Structure of Neuron, Conduction of nerve impulse, Reflex action, Structure of Human Brain and Spinal Cord, Sense organs (Eye and Ear), Endocrine System (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads), Hormones and Mechanism of hormone action.

10. Human Health and Diseases: Concept of health and disease, Common diseases in humans (Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, Malaria, Amoebiasis, Ascariasis, Ringworm), Immunity (Innate and Acquired), Active and Passive immunity, Vaccination and Immunization, Immune system organs, Cancer, AIDS, Addiction (Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs).

Applied Biology & Ecology

11. Enhancement of Food Production: Plant breeding (Steps, Applications, Disease resistance, Pest resistance, Biofortification), Single Cell Protein (SCP), Tissue culture (Techniques, Applications), Animal husbandry (Management of farms, Poultry, Dairy, Apiculture, Sericulture, Lac culture, Aquaculture), Microbes in human welfare (Household, Industrial products, Sewage treatment, Biogas production, Biocontrol agents, Biofertilizers).

12. Biotechnology: Principles and processes of Recombinant DNA Technology, Tools of rDNA technology (Restriction enzymes, Vectors, Competent host), Processes of rDNA technology (Isolation of DNA, PCR, Gene insertion, Downstream processing), Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture (Bt Cotton, Pest resistant plants), Applications in Medicine (Recombinant Insulin, Gene therapy), Transgenic animals, Ethical issues and Patenting.

13. Organisms and Populations: Organisms and environment, Major abiotic factors, Responses to abiotic factors, Adaptations, Population attributes (Birth rate, Death rate, Sex ratio, Age distribution), Population growth models (Exponential and Logistic), Population interactions (Mutualism, Competition, Predation, Parasitism, Commensalism, Amensalism).

14. Ecosystems and Energy Flow: Structure and function of Ecosystem, Productivity (Primary and Secondary), Decomposition, Energy flow (Food chain, Food web, Ecological pyramids), Nutrient cycling (Carbon and Phosphorus cycle), Ecological succession (Hydrarch and Xerarch), Ecosystem services.

15. Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues: Concept of Biodiversity, Patterns and Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity conservation (In-situ and Ex-situ), Hotspots, Red Data Book, Environmental issues (Air pollution, Water pollution, Solid waste management, Greenhouse effect and Global warming, Ozone depletion, Deforestation).